Contact us at: (907) 561-1917 Toll Free: (800) 478-4502

Contact us at: (907) 561-1917
Contact us at: (907) 561-1917
Two travelers take a selfie near an Alaska Airlines plane.

Dr Robert Arnold

 

 

  • Dr. Arnold has encouraged the use of the "Enhanced Bruckner Test" for primary care pediatric detection of serious vision problems in children. In 1995, Dr. Arnold purchased 2 MTI photoscreeners for validation followed by many other devices. The Alaska Blind Child Discovery became a concerted effort coordinated with Diane Armitage to provide valid image interpretation and parental notification for volunteer charitable screening in urban and rural Alaska.
  • Dr. Arnold served (2003-6) as the Chairman of the Vision Screening Committee for the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) and is an investigator and protocol developer for the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG). Dr. Arnold brings pediatric and adult eye care to oppressed ethnic groups in Burma.
  • With Dr. Kyle Smith, Alex Damarjian, Richard Townley and Aaron Molina, Dr. Arnold has a company and patent to develop 3D vision screening games for autostereoscopic screens including the Nintendo 3DS called "PDI Check." He helped develop ROP-Check cloud-based NICU scheduling software with Jack Jacob in their former company Glacier Medical Software.

Person standing triumphantly on a mountain peak.
High-tech eye scan with laser targeting.

Research Publicaitons

  

   

  • Arnold RW: Respiratory Physiology III. International review of physiology, Volume 23. Yale Journal of Biology and Med. 54(3): 237-238, 1980
  • Arnold RW: Wood injurious to human health. A manual (book review) Yale Journal of Biology and Med. 55(2), 1982.
  • Arnold RW: Airborn and allergic pollen of North America (book review). Yale Journal of Biology and Med. 57(4), 1983.
  • Arnold RW: Diving and Asphyxia (Book Review). Yale Journal of Biology and Med. 57: 715-6, 1984
  • Arnold RW: "Modifications in the vasomotor component of the human diving response," M.D. Thesis (Yale) 1984.
  • Arnold, R.W. Modifications in the vasomotor arm of the human diving response. In The Physiology of Breath-Hold Diving, Lundgren, C.E. and Ferrigno, M. eds., U.H.M.S., Baltimore, pp. 188-199, 1987.
  • Arnold, R.W: Extremes in human breath hold facial immersion bradycardia. Undersea Biomed Res 12:183-190, 1985.
  • Arnold, R.W: A vasomotor comparison of the human diving response and the cold pressor test. Alaska Med 28: 5-8, 1986.
  • Arnold, R.W., Stickler, G.B., Bourne, W.M., Mellinger, J.F. Corneal crystals, myopathy and nephropathy: a new syndrome? J.Ped.Ophthalmol. & Strab. 24: 151-155, 1987. {Reprinted in Urology Digest: 3-5, April 1988
  • Arnold, R.W., Dyer, J.A., Low, P.A. The oculo-cardiac reflex: correlations with other cardiac vagal maneuvers. Invest. Ophthalmol(abstr) 28(3): 35, 1987.
  • Arnold, R.W., Hoffman, A.D., Brutinel, W.M., "Barbie" Doll Curler Aspiration into the Upper Trachea, Am. J. Dis. Child. 141:1325-1326, 1987.
  • Arnold, R.W., Hoffman, A.D., Brutinel, W.M., Inhalation de bigoudi de poupee Barbie dans la trachee houte. J de Pediatre. 7: 74-75, 1988.
  • Arnold, R.W., Dyer, J.A., Holton, S.] Contact Lenses: A sight for sore eyes unless you use them properly, Mayo Clinic Health Letter 6(6): 2-4, 1988.
  • Arnold, R.W., Hohberger, G.G., Gould, A.B. The Oculocardiac Reflex in Identical Twins.(letter) Archives Ophthalmol. 106:879, 1988.
  • Arnold, R.W., Low, P.A., Dyer, J.A., Gould, A.B., Hohberger, G.G. Differential vasovagal sensitivities to several autonomic maneuvers in humans. Ann. Neurol. 24:164, 1988. (abstract)
  • Arnold R.W. and Erie, J.C., Magnetic Forceps for Corneal Foreign Bodies(letter). Arch. Ophthalmol. 106:1502, 1988. Arnold R.W., Adams, B.A., Camoriano, J.K., Dyer, J.A., Acquired Divergent Strabismus: presumed metastatic gastric carcinoma to the medial rectus muscle. J. Ped. Ophthalmol. Strab. 26:50-51, 1989.
  • Arnold RW, Stickler GB: Patient follow-up-Cystinosis(letter). J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 26:145, 1989. Arnold RW: Shaken Baby Syndrome, Photo of the Month, Ophthalmol Times 15(3):23-24,1990
  • Arnold RW: Quantification of afferent pupillary defect by double polarized filter. (letter), Arch Ophthalmol 108:1666-1667, 1990.
  • Steiner GC, Arnold RW, Roth RR, Ice JS: Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to ingestion of salmon berries. Alaska Med 33:57-59,1991.
  • Arnold RW, Dyer JA, Gould AB, Hohberger GG, Low PA: Sensitivity to vasovagal maneuvers in normal teenagers and adults. Mayo Clin Proc 66:797-804,1991.
  • Arnold RW, Crouch EE: An Emergency Corneal Ulcer Kit. Alaska Med 33(4):151-153. 1991
  • Arnold RW: Pseudo Slipped Muscle due to medial rectus palsy. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 29(3):189-190, 1992. Arnold RW, Ellis FD, Helveston EM: Diplopia and Transdermal Scopolamine: A Case Report. Am Orthoptic J 42:183-184, 1992
  • Arnold RW, Sprunger DT, Engel WK, Helveston EM: The effect of wrist rest, caffeine and oral timolol on hand steadiness of ophthalmologists. Ann Ophthalmol. 25(7):250-253, 1993.
  • Arnold RW, Schriever G: Lyme Amaurosis in a Child. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab. 30(4):268-270, 1993.
  • Arnold RW, Nadel EN: The attenuating effect of heat and hypovolemia on the human diving response. Alaska Med 35(2):199-203, 1993.
  • Arnold RW, Nadel EN: The effect of peripheral vasodilators on the human diving response. Alaska Med 35(2):204-208, 1993.
  • Arnold RW: Vision screening in Alaska: Experience with Enhanced Brückner Test. Alaska Med 35(2): 212-215, 1993. Arnold RW, Kesler K, Avila E: Susceptibility to ROP in Alaskan Natives. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab 31:192-194, 1994
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD: Your Child's Vision- Amblyopia. Alaska Parenting News January: 16, 1994 Arnold RW: Myopia following scleritis[letter]. Ophthalmic Surgery 25(7):485, 1994.
  • Arnold RW, Gould AB, Mackenzie R, Dyer JA, Low PA: Lack of global vagal propensity in oculocardiac reflex patients. Ophthalmology 101(8):1347-1352, 1994. {UI# 94336166}
  • Arnold RW: Posterior Retinopathy of Prematurity cryotherapy from a limbal reference. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab 31:303-305,1994.
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD: Your Child's Vision-The importance of tears. Alaska Parenting News. Feb:6, 1995 Arnold RW: Bilateral monocanilicular silicone loop: Predictable home removal of nasolacrimal stents. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 32:200-201, 1995.
  • Arnold RW: ROP: Treating the Vast Expanse. Proceedings of the International Conference on Retinopathy of Prematurity, Chicago, November 18-19, 1993, Ed by Shapiro MJ, Biglan AW, Miller MT, Kugler Publications, Amsterdam/NY, 1995, pp 163-165.
  • Arnold RW, Coon L, Reber P, Armitage MD: Collaborative visual rehabilitation: high astigmatism, esotropia and elevator palsy, Alaska Medicine 1995; 37(3):88-90.
  • Arnold RW: A manicure for difficult Crawford intubations. Ch 2, Sect IX Ocular Adnexa, Anterior Segment, Intraocular Pressure. Update on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology-Proceedings of the Joint Congress ISA & AAPOS, Gunnar Lennerstrand, Editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995, pp 455-457.
  • Arnold RW: Bilateral, monocanalicular Crawford loop: Simple removal for remote patients. Ch 2, Sect IX Ocular Adnexa, Anterior Segment, Intraocular Pressure. Update on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology-Proceedings of the Joint Congress ISA & AAPOS, Gunnar Lennerstrand, Editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995, pp 458-461. Arnold RW: Instead of "A spoon full of sugar..." Binoc Vis Eye Muscle Surgery 1995; 10(2):95.
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD: Your Child's Vision-Warning Signs. Alaska Parenting News, April 1995, p 24-25. Arnold RW, Armitage MD: Photoscreening your toddler. Alaska Parenting, April 1996, p22, 29.
  • Arnold RW, Rosen CE, List J, Johnson E, Hoffman RO: Neonatal respiratory distress from bilateral cryptic dacryoceles. Alaska Med 38(3):86-88,1996
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD, Rosen CE, Younge BR: Head tilt due to See-Saw nystagmus. Am Orthoptic J 46: 181-184, 1996.
  • Arnold RW, Wolfe TM, Albrecht W, Haselby KA, McNiece WL, Plager DA, Ellis FD, Helveston EM: Deep inhalational anesthesia without anticholinergic reduces the oculocardiac reflex. Binocular Vision & Strabismus Quarterly 11(4):281-288, 1996.
  • Arnold RW: ROP Blindness: An epidemic among smallest Alaskans. Alaska Parenting 5(4): 31-32, April 1997. Arnold RW, Wolfe TM, Ellis FD: Prolonged oculocardiac reflex in strabismus surgery under topical anesthesia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab 34(4): 252-254, 1997.
  • Tychsen L, Wilson E, Hutchinson AK, Arnold RW, Wright KW, Rosenbaum AL: Consultation Section: Bilateral Mature Cataracts, Ed by DD Shepard. Annals Ophthalmol Glaucoma 29(4): 214-218, 1997.
  • Arnold RW: Tundra Swan Strabismus Retractor. JAAPOS 2(3):184-185, 1998
  • Arnold RW, Little J, Greenwald MJ: Transient visual loss and subconjunctival hemorrhage due to a "Hopper" : JAAPOS 3:61-62, 1999.
  • Arnold RW: Aperature drapes in strabismus surgery-comment (letter). Binocular Vis Strabismus Qtrly 13(1): 6, 1988. Arnold RW, Janis B, Wellman S, Crouch E, Rosen C: Palinopsia with bacterial brain abscess and Noonan Syndrome. Alaska Med 41(1): 3-7, 1999.
  • Stump M, Arnold RW: Iris color does not predict the oculocardiac reflex. Binoc Vis Quarterly 14(2): 111-116, 1999.
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD: Keeping a close eye on Alaska’s kids. Alaska Parenting 7(11):7,9, 1999.
  • Arnold RW: The human heart rate response profiles to five vagal maneuvers. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 72:237-44, 2000.
  • Arnold RW, Gionet E, Jastrzebski A, Kovtoun TA, Machida CJ, Armitage MD, Coon LJ: The Alaska Bind Child Discovery Project: rationale, methods and results of 4000 screenings. Alaska Med. 42:58-72, 2000. Arnold RW, Sitenga G: The detection of congenital glaucoma by photoscreening. Alaska Medicine 42:73-77, 2000
  • Arnold RW, Fierstein KF: Are vision screening devices accurate and reliable for use in pediatricians' offices to test children younger than 4 years old?: Con. Pediatric News (solicited counter-point) 2000 Arnold RW, Barnett M, Limstrom SA, Swanson D: Vision loss associated with a stiff neck complicating strabismus surgery. Binocular Vis Strabismus Qtrly 16(3):181-186, 2001.
  • Kushner BJ, Arnold RW, Clarke WN, Marmor MA, Murray ADN, Wheeler DT: Grand Rounds #64: A case of deterioration of ocular motility in a patient with type 1 Duane Syndrome after contralateral orbital decompression. Binocular Vis Strabismus Qtrly 16(4):272-279, 2001.
  • PEDIG. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120(3):268-78.
  • Lang DM, Arnold RW. Severe eye trauma in boys caused by girls' headbands. Alaska Med 2002;44(2):27-29. PEDIG. The clinical profile of moderate amblyopia in children younger than 7 years. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:281-7.
  • Arnold RW. Use of a consumer video system to enhance low vision in children and adults. JPOS 2002;39(4):245-47.
  • Arnold RW, Farah RS, Monroe G: The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex, . Binocular Vis Strabismus Qtrly 17(4):313-318, 2002
  • Arnold RW. The phoropter trapeze: portable refractive support for remote clinics. Binoc Vis Strabis Binocular Vis Strabismus Qtrly 18(1):26-27, 2003.
  • Arnold RW: Adverse events in cataract surgery (letter). Ophthalmol 110(2):248, 2003.
  • Machida CJ, Arnold RW: The effect of tension and fatigue on the oculocardiac reflex. Binocular Vision Strabismus Qtrly 18(2):81-86, 2003.
  • Donahue SP, Arnold RW, Ruben JB: Preschool vision screening: What should we be detecting and how should we report it? Uniform guidelines for reporting results from studies of preschool vision screening. J AAPOS 7(5):314-315, 2003
  • Arnold RW. Highly specific photoscreening at the Alaska State Fair: Valid Alaska Blind Child Discovery photoscreening and interpretation. Alaska Med 45(2):34-40, 2003.
  • Arnold RW. Macular hole without hemorrhages and shaken baby syndrome: practical medicolegal documentation of children's eye trauma. JPOS 40(6):355-357, 2003.
  • PEDIG. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:603-611.
  • PEDIG. A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia and other factors. Ophthalmol 2003;110:1632-1638.
  • PEDIG. The course of moderate amblyopia treated with atropine in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:630-9.
  • PEDIG. The course of moderate amblyopia treated with patching in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:620-9.
  • PEDIG, Holmes JM, Beck RW, et al. Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1625-32.
  • PEDIG, Holmes JM, Kraker RT, et al. A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 2003;110:2075-87.
  • PEDIG, Repka MX, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:603-11.
  • Kovtoun TA, Arnold RW: Calibration of photoscreeners for threshold contact- induced hyperopic anisometropia: Introduction of the JVC photoscreeners. JPOS 41(3):150-158, 2004.
  • Arnold RW, Gionet EG, Hickel J, Owen M, Armitage MD. Duration and effect of single-dose atropine: paralysis of accommodation in penalization treatment of functional amblyopia. Binoc Vis and Strabismus Quart 19(2):81-86, 2004. Arnold RW: Pseudo-false positive eye/vision photoscreening due to accommodative insufficiency. A serendipitous benefit for poor readers? Binoc Vis and Strabismus Quart 19(2):75-80, 2004.
  • Arnold RW, Arnold AW, Stark L, Arnold KK, Leman RE, Armitage MD. Amblyopia detection by camera (ADBC): Gateway to inexpensive, portable vision screening. Alaska Med 2004; 46:63-72.
  • Arnold RW, Jensen P, Kovtoun TA, Maurer SA, Schultz J-A. The profound augmentation of the oculocardiac reflex by fast-acting opioids. Binoc Vis and Strabismus Quart 2004; 19:215-222.
  • Wagner R, Donahue S, Arnold R, Granet D. Round Table: Implementation and effectiveness of pediatric photoscreening. Ocular Surg News. August 1, 2004 2004;22(15):48-54.
  • Kerr N, Arnold RW: Vision screening for children: current trends, technology and legislative issues. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004; 15:454-459.
  • PEDIG, Repka MX, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial of atropine regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. Dec 2004;111(11):2076-2085.
  • PEDIG, Holmes JM, Beck RW, et al. Risk of amblyopia recurrence after cessation of treatment. J Aapos. Nov 2004;8(5):420-428.
  • Nader N, Arnold RW, Byron HM, et al. Emerging technologies for vision must overcome resistance to reach more children: lack of industry support, legislative approval and reimbursement have slowed innovation in vision screening, researchers say (Part 1 of 3). Ocular Surgery News. Vol 23; 2005:1, 50, 52-53, 58-59.
  • Nader N, Arnold RW, Collins MLZ, et al. Recent legislation, HMO backing may add momentum to vision screening: With mandatory screening for preschoolers in two states and federal funding proposed, interest in vision screening picks up (part 2 of 3). Ocular Surg News. February 15, 2005 2005;23(4):46-50.
  • Nader N, Arnold RW, Donahue SP, et al. Issues in Vision Screening: Costs, benefits of vision screening depend on predictive criteria of screening tools. Ocular Surg News. 2005;23(5):28-32.
  • Groves N, Arnold RW. Younger kids may benefit from photoscreening. Ophthalmology Times. Vol 30; 2005:76. Arnold RW, Armitage MD, Gionet EG, Jastrzebski A, Kovtoun TA, Machida CJ, Coon LJ: The cost and yield of rural photoscreening: Impact of photoscreening on overall pediatric ophthalmic costs. JPOS 2005; 42(2):103-111.
  • Lang D, Blackledge J, Arnold R. Is Pacific Race an ROP risk factor?. Arch Ped Adol Med 2005; 159(8):771-773. 
  • Arnold RW, Ruben JB, Donahue SP. Korean kindergarten vision screen programme (letter). Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(3):392-393. (Letter).
  • PEDIG, Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, et al. Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 2005;123(4):437-447.
  • Blackledge J, Lang DM, Arnold RW. The positive prognostic implications of crying during exam on threshold ROP.Alaska Med. 2006;47(2):2-4.
  • Leman RE, Armitage MD, Arnold RW. The receiver-operator curve for flip-card surround HOTV in younger school children. Am Orthopt J. 2005:55(1):128-135.
  • Charters, L., & Arnold, R. W. Pediatricians should take the lead in vision screening: AAP guidelines suggest objective testing for acuity, Bruckners test for strabismus. Ophthalmology Times, 31, 75-76. 2006
  • PEDIG, Cotter, S. A., Edwards, A. R., Wallace, D. K., Beck, R. W., Arnold, R. W., et al. (2006). Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology, 113(6), 895-903.
  • PEDIG, Wallace, D. K., Edwards, A. R., Cotter, S. A., Beck, R. W., Arnold, R. W., et al. (2006). A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology, 113(6), 904-912.
  • Leman RE, Clausen MM, Bates J. A, Stark L, , Arnold KK, Arnold RW, A comparison of patched HOTV visual acuity and photoscreening. J School Nursing. 2006;22(4):237-243.
  • Arnold RW, Donahue SP. The yield and challenges of charitable, state-wide photoscreening. Binoc Vis StrabismusQ. 2006: 21(2) 93-100.
  • Arnold RW, Donahue SP: Guest Editorial: Compared value of amblyopia detection. Binoc Vis Strabis Q. 21(2):78, 2006
  • Arnold RW, Stange CA, Ryan C: The compared predictive value of Brückner, Acuity and strabismus from pediatric referrals. Am Orthoptic J 56(1):15-21, 2006
  • Lang DM, Arnold AW, Leman RE, Arnold RW. Photoscreening, remote autorefraction and patched acuity testing in the Alaska Bush: A VIPS-like study in the Koyukon. Alaska Med 2007; 49(1):(2-13).
  • Holmes JM, Melia M, Bradfield YS, Cruz OA, Forbes B. Factors Associated with Recurrence of Amblyopia on Cessation of Patching. Ophthalmology. Mar 14 2007.
  • Arnold RW: Monocanalicular silastic intubation for the initial correction of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J AAPOS 2007, 11(4):416; author reply 416.
  • Clausen MM, Arnold RW: Pediatric Eye/Vision Screening: Referral Criteria for the PediaVision PlusOptix S04 Photoscreener Compared to Visual Acuity & Digital Photoscreening: “Kindergarten Computer Photoscreening”.. Binoc Vis Strabismus Q . 2007;22(2):83-89.
  • Mahon K, Arnold RW, Koller HP, Nelson LB. Symptomatic convergence insufficiency (Eye to Eye). JPOS.2007;44(4):202-206.
  • Wallace DK, Chandler DL, Beck RW, Arnold RW, Bacal DA, Birch EE, Felius J, Frazier M, Holmes JM, Hoover D, et al: Treatment of Bilateral Refractive Amblyopia in Children Three to Less Than 10 Years of Age. Am J Ophthalmol 2007, 144:487-496.
  • Arnold RW, Clausen M, Ryan H, Leman RE, Armitage D. Predictive Value of Inexpensive Digital Eye and Vision Photoscreening: "PPV of ABCD". Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2007;22:148-52.
  • Arnold RW, Leman RE. Radio-opaque modification/substitute for the Wright superior Oblique Tendon extender for superior oblique muscle overaction strabismus. Binoc Vis and Strabismus Quart 2007;22:216-220.
  • PEDIG, Cotter SA, Edwards AR, Arnold RW, et al. Treatment of strabismic amblyopia with refractive correction. Am J Ophthalmol2007;143:1060-3.
  • Kirk VG, Clausen MM, Armitage MD, Arnold RW. Preverbal photoscreening for amblyogenic factors and outcomes in amblyopia treatment: early objective screening and visual acuities. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;125:489-492.
  • PEDIG, Repka MX, Chandler DL, et al. Primary treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction with probing in children younger than 4 years. Ophthalmology 2008;115:577-584 e3.
  • Quinn G, Arnold R, Binenbaum G, et al. Why is an evidence base needed for changes in clinical care? J AAPOS.2012;16(1):e36.
  • Arnold RW. Towards Worldwide Amblyopia Elimination- Vision Screening. . In: US Ophthalmic Review and European Ophthalmic Review,. www.touchbriefings; 2008:91-96.s
  • Arnold RW, Stark L, Leman RE, Arnold KK, Armitage MD. Tent photoscreening and patched acuity by school nurses: Validation of ASD-ABCD. Binoc Vis and Strabismus Quart 2008;23(3):83-94.
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD, Limstrom SA. Sutured protective occluder for severe amblyopia. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(7):891-895.
  • Arnold RW. Optic nerve hypoplasia potentiates retinopathy of prematurity. JPOS 2008;45(4):247-249. Arnold RW, Arnold AW: Refractive error in Myanmar. (Letter), Ophthalmol 2008:115(9): 1642-3.
  • PEDIG, Christiansen SP, Chandler DL, Holmes JM, Arnold RW, Birch E, et al. Instability of ocular alignment in childhood esotropia. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(12):2266-2274 e2264.
  • PEDIG, Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Kraker RT, Beck RW, Birch EE, Felius J, et al. Patching vs atropine to treat amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years: a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(12):1634-1642.
  • Clausen MM, Armitage MD, Arnold RW. Overcoming barriers to pediatric visual acuity screening through education plus provision of materials. J AAPOS. Apr 2009;13(2):151-154.
  • Pratt L, Arnold RW, Jacob J. Frequent ROP Associated with Hypoxic Protocol. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Jul-Aug 2009;46(4):253
  • Matta NS, Arnold RW, Singman EL, Silbert DI. Comparison between the plusoptiX and MTI Photoscreeners. Arch Ophthalmol. Dec 2009;127(12):1591-1595.
  • Arnold RW, Lichtenstein SJ, Nelson LB: Treatment options for dense amblyopia in uncooperative children. Eye to Eye. JPOS 2010, 47(3): 134-138.
  • Maria Patterson, Patrick J. Droste, Robert Gold, Deborah Costakos, Robert Arnold, Eric Lichtenstein JAAPOS Vol. 14, Issue 1, e34 February 2010
  • Arnold RW: Prevalence of refractive error (Letter). Ophthalmol117(8):1652, 2010.
  • Matta, N. S., R. W. Arnold, Singeman EL, Silbert DI. (2011). "Can a photoscreener help us remotely evaluate and manage amblyopia?" Am Orthopt J 61: 124-127.
  • Arnold, R. W., S. Davidson, et al. (2011). "Stereopsis and 3-d movies." J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus48(4): 199-201.
  • Arnold, R. W., D. N. Duss, et al. (2011). "Diagnosis and management of anisocoria in a 6-month-old child." J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 48(2): 71-73.
  • Arnold RW, Neely DE, Donahue SP: Amblyopia refractive risk factors (letter). Ophthalmol 2012: 119 (6): 1283 [Varma, Rohit, MD, MPH, MEPEDS, Ophthalmology 119(6):1283-1284]
  • Arnold, R. W., B. Davis, L.E. Arnold, K.S. Rowe, J.M. Davis. (2012). "Calibration and validation of 9 objective vision screeners with contact-lens induced anisometropia." Retrieved 9/5/2012, 2012, from http://www.abcd-vision.org/references/Calibrate-9/Calbrate-9.htm.
  • Arnold RW, Arnold AW, Eby E, Aleshire J: Lay person slit lamp detection of iritis in absence of an Eye MD: Test of a portable model of cells and flare, Binoc Vis Strab Q 2012: 27(2):129-134.
  • Arnold RW, Jacob J, Matrix Z: A cloud-based electronic medical record for scheduling, tracking, and documenting examinations and treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity. JPOS 2012 49(6):342-346
  • Arnold RW: A video educational and consenting system for ROP (letter). JPOS 2012, 49(6):382.
  • Arnold RW, Tulip D, McArthur E, Shen J, Tappel J, Arnold LE, Winkle E, Armitage MD: Predictive value from pediatrician PlusoptiX: Impact of refraction and ocular alignment. Binoc Vis Strab Q, 2012 27(4):227-232.
  • Graham Quinn, Robert Arnold, Gil Binenbaum, Patrick Droste, Joost Felius, Suqin Guo, Lawrence Kaufman, Danielle Ledoux, and others Why is an evidence base needed for changes in clinical care? JAAPOS, Vol. 16, Issue 1, e36 February 2012
  • Miller JM, Lessin HR, AAP [Arnold RW, Matta N, Dobson V, Bateman, B]: Instrument-based pediatric vision screening policy statement. Pediatrics 2012, 130(5):983-986.
  • Crawford CM, Frazier TC, Torres MF, Arnold RW, Mazzoli RA, Raymond WRt: Pediatric PRK (PhotoRefractive Keratectomy) with Mitomycin C (MCC) for Persistent Anisometropic Amblyopia. A Case Report. Binocular vision & strabology quarterly, Simms-Romano's 2012, 27(4):233-234.
  • Silbert DI, Arnold RW, Matta NS: Comparison of the iScreen and the MTI photoscreeners for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in children. JAAPOS 2013, 17(1):34-37.
  • Donahue SP, Arthur B, Neely DE, Arnold RW, Silbert D, Ruben JB: Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: A 10-year, evidence-based update. J AAPOS 2013, 17(1):4-8.
  • Arnold RW, Arnold AW, Armitage MD, Shen JM, Hepler TE, Woodard TL: Pediatric photoscreeners in high risk patients 2012: A comparison study of Plusoptix, iScreen and SPOT. Binoc Vis and Strabismus Quart 2013, 28(1):20-28.
  • Biro A, Arnold RW, Donahue SP, Hered RW, Hunter DG, Neely DE, Stahl ED: Early instrument-based vision screening endorsed for preschool children. In: Ocular Surgery News. vol. 31. Thorofare, N.J.: SLACK; 2013: 1, 10-12.
  • Arnold RW, Davis B, Arnold LE, Rowe KS, Davis JM: Calibration and validation of nine objective vision screeners with contact lens-induced anisometropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013, 50(3):184-190.
  • Arnold RW: Modified Portable A-Scan Ultrasound Instrument from a USB B-Scan Device.Binocular vision & strabology quarterly, Simms-Romano's 2013, 28(2):115-117.
  • Arnold RW: Amblyopia risk factor prevalence. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013, 50(4):213-217.
  • Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch, Robert Arnold, Gil Binenbaum, Patrick J. Droste, Mays El-Dairi, Sudha Nallasamy, Stacy L. Pineles, Graham E. Quinn Jingyun Wang Research Committee workshop: I want to do a research study. Where do I begin? JAAPOS Vol. 18, Issue 4, e46 August 2014
  • Arnold RW, Armitage MD: Performance of four new photoscreeners on patients with high risk amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014, 51(1):46-52.
  • Schwartz RH, Schuman AJ, Wei LL [Arnold RW]. Instrument-based vision screening: Update and Review. Contemporary Pediatrics. 2014; 31(2): 39-45.
  • Kirk SG, Armitage MD, Dunn S, Arnold RW: Calibration and validation of the 2WIN photoscreeners compared to the Plusoptix S12 and the SPOT. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2014: 51(5):289-292. Dalton, M (Arnold R and Silbert D): Smartphones and amblyopia. Ophthalmology and Business. 6(4):6-7, 2015
  • Robert W. Arnold, David I. Silbert Efficacy of a mobile smart phone vision-screening device with automated image-processing analysis in the evaluation of amblyopia risk factors in preschool children JAAPOS, Vol.19, Issue 4, e9–e10 August 2015
  • David I. Silbert, Sean Donahue, Alan Greene, Deborah Alcorn, Robert Arnold Use of digital photoscreeners to detect amblyopia risk factors (ARFs): a multidisciplinary evidence-based approach—care and cost implicationsJAAPOS, Vol. 19, Issue 4, e76 August 2015
  • Haering, C, Beck KB, Arnold RW: A Multi-tool to reduce nasolacrimal stent complications with the home-removeable Farson Crawford tube. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016, 53(1):52-54.
  • Bond AN, Beerle BJ, Arnold RW: Dexmedetomidine Nasal Sedation Produces More Oculocardiac Reflex During Strabismus Surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2016, 53(5):318.
  • Arnold RW. Grendahl RL, Winkle RK, Jacob J: Outpatient, widefield, digital imaging of infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017, 48:494-497.
  • Arnold RW, Jacob J, Matrix Z: Toward Achieving 100% Adherence for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening Guidelines. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2017, 54(6):356-362.
  • Tsao Wu M, Armitage MD, Trujillo C, Trujillo A, Arnold LE, Tsao Wu L, Arnold RW: Portable acuity screening for any school: validation of patched HOTV with amblyopic patients and Bangerter normals. BMC Ophthalmol 2017, 17(1):232.
  • Swanson D, Limstrom SA, Wilson D, Arnold RW: Eagle Retinopathy: Bilateral, symmetric pitched dihedral pattern retinopathy. Ophthalmology Retina. 2018 2(3): 251-253, cited Ophthalmology, Volume 125, Issue 4,April 2018, Pages 466-470
  • Arnold RW, Biggs RE, Beerle BJ: Intravenous dexmedetomidine augments the oculocardiac reflex. J AAPOS 2018,22(3):211-213.e211.
  • Jacob J, Matrix Z, Skopec D, Ticho BH, Arnold RW: Factors associated with retinopathy of prematurity ophthalmology workload. J Perinatology 2018: 38:1588-1593
  • Arnold RW, O'Neil JW, Cooper KL, Silbert DI, Donahue SP: Evaluation of a smartphone photoscreener app to detect refractive amblyopia risk factors in children 1-6 years. Clin Ophthalmol 2018, 12:1533-1537.
  • Arnold RW, Arnold AW, Hunt-Smith TT, Grendahl RL, Winkle RK: The Positive Predictive Value of Smartphone Photoscreening in Pediatric Practices. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2018:55(6):393-396.
  • Arnold RW, Damarjian AG, Smith KA: Sensory testing and stereopsis with Nintendo 3DS game. J AAPOS 2018, 22(4):e16.
  • Arnold RW: Novel vision screening tools for children worldwide. In: Ophthalmology Times. vol. 44; 2019: 25-26. Smith KA, Damarjian AG, Molina A, Arnold RW: Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo 3DS game console. Clin Optometry 2019, 11:47-55
  • Smith KA, Arnold AW, Sprano JH, Arnold SL, Arnold RW: Performance of a quick screening version of Nintendo3DS “PDI Check” game on patients with ocular suppression. JPOS 2019,56:234-237.
  • Arnold RW, Bond AN, McCall M, Lunoe L: The oculocardiac reflex and depth of anesthesia measured by brain wave. BMC Anesthesiol 2019, 19(1):36.
  • Arnold SL, Arnold AW, Sprano JH, Arnold RW: Performance of the 2WIN photoscreener with “CR” strabismus estimation in high risk patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 207:195-203.
  • Martin SJ, Rowe KS, Hser N, Htoo HE, Khin R, Smith KA, Arnold RW: Compared near vision testing with the Nintendo 3DS PDI Check game on the Thai-Burma border. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol 2019, 8(4):330-334
  • Arnold AW, Arnold SL, Sprano JH, Arnold RW: School Bus Accommodation Relaxing Skiascopy. Clin Ophthalmol 2019, 13:1841-1851
  • Arnold RW, Damarjian AG, Molina A, Smith KA. Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo 3DS game console. Clin Optometry. 2019;11:47-55.
  • Arnold RW, Bond AN. Does topical proparacaine improve postoperative comfort after strabismus surgery? Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:2279-2283.
  • Tolia V, Ahmad KA, Jacob J, Kelleher AS, McLane N, Arnold R, Clark RH, Mednax ROP Registry Investigators: Two year outcomes of infants with stage 2 or higher retinopathy of prematurity: results from a large multicenter registry. Am J Perinatol 2020;37(2):196-203..
  • Arnold RW. Smartphone app correlates well with standard visual screening assessment. Journal ofPediatrics.2020;216(1):242-245.
  • Arnold RW. Comparative AAPOS validation of the blinq birefringent amblyopia screener with isolated small-angle strabismus. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:325-329.
  • Arnold AW, Eller AM, Smith KA, Grendahl RL, Winkle RK, Arnold RW. Direct nerve size determination and prevalent optic nerve hypoplasia in Alaska. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:491-499.
  • Martin SJ, Htoo HE, Hser N, Arnold RW. Performance of two photoscreeners enhanced by protective containers.Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14: 1427-1435.
  • Levitt AH, Martin SJ, Arnold RW. Performance of glow-fixation GCK and 2WIN photoscreeners and Retinomax to uncover hyperopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020:14: 2237-2244.
  • Robbins SL, Packwood EA, Siegel LM, Committee AS. Economic impact on pediatric ophthalmologists in the time of COVID-19. J AAPOS. 2020.
  • Arnold RW. Comparative AAPOS Validation of the blinq. Birefringent Amblyopia Screener with Isolated Small-Angle Strabismus [Response to Letter]. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2775–2776.
  • Arnold RW, LaMattina KC, Taylormoore J, Nelson LB. Experiences in Telemedicine for Pediatric Ophthalmology.JPOS. 2020;57(6):344-347.
  • Arnold RW. Orbital MRI versus fundus photography and OPTOS in the diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia and prediction of vision (letter). Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(11).
  • Arnold RW, Rinner AR, Arnold AW, Beerle BJ. The impact of re-operation, relatives and race on the oculocardiac reflex. Clin Ophthalmology. 2020;14:4253-4261..
  • Schumacher AC, Ball M, Arnold AW, Grendahl RL, Winkle RK, Arnold RW. Oculocardiac reflex during ROP exams. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:4263-4269.
  • Arnold RW. Comparative AAPOS Validation of the blinq. Birefringent Amblyopia Screener with Isolated Small-Angle Strabismus [Response to Letter]. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2775–2776.
  • Beveridge J, Martin SJ, Beveridge N, Smith KA, Arnold RW. Grading Spectacle Similarity. Clinical Optometry.2021; 13:23-32.
  • Brown SP, Rue CM, Smith KA, Arnold RW. Extraordinary dynamic near vision in champion shotgun shooters; PDI Check evaluation of stereo and color without floor effect. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;15: 575—581
  • Heald DL, Devine IM, Smith RL, Holsopple SA, Arasmith JL, Arnold RW. Opsoclonus-myoclonus after COVID-19 in an infant.[letter] Pediatr Neurology. 2020: 117:34.
  • Arnold RW, Jansen S, Glasionov M, Biggs RE, Beerle BJ. Anesthetic impacts on the oculocardiac reflex: Evidence from a large, observational study. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15: 973-981.
  • Keffalos MA, Martin SJ, Arnold RW. Drive-By Photoscreening: plusoptiX, 2WIN and blinq Amblyopia Detection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15: 775-782.
  • Arnold RW. Digital values for alpha acuities. JPOS. 2021;58(2):132-5.
  • Arnold AW, Smith KA, Molina A, Damarjian AG, Arnold RW. Trichromatic enhanced dynamic color screening on the PDI Check Nintendo 3DS game. Clin. Optometry. 2021;13:137-41.
  • Arnold RW, Keffalos MA, Martin SJ: Drive-By Photoscreening Response to Letter, Clin Ophthalmol 2021;15:1463-4.
  • Arnold RW. The Oculocardiac Reflex: A Review. Clin Ophthalmol.2021;15:2693-725.
  • Arnold RW, Martin SJ, Beveridge JR, Arnold AW, Arnold SL, Beveridge NR, et al. Ellipsoid Spectacle Comparison of PlusoptiX, Retinomax and 2WIN Autorefractors. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15:3637-48.
  • Mahlen T, Arnold R. Pediatric non-refractive vision screening with EyeSwift, PDI Check and blinq. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;16:375-84.
  • Arnold RW, Donahue SP, Silbert DI, Longmuir SQ, Bradford GE, O’Neil J, Peterseim MMW, de alba Camponanes, AJ, Pineles SL. Uniform guidelines for pediatric vision screen validation 2021. J AAPOS. 2022:doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jaapos.2021.09.009.
  • Arnold RW. The positive predictive value of photoscreening (Letter). J AAPOS. 2022;26:in press.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.12.002.
  • Arnold R, Angi M. Multifaceted amblyopia screening with blinq, 2WIN and PDI Check. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:411-21. Arnold RW, Silbert DI, Modjesky H. Instrument referral criteria for Plusoptix, SPOT and 2WIN targeting 2021 AAPOS guidelines. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S342666.
  • Erzurum SA, Wu R, Melia BM, Li Z, Arnold RW, Silbert DI, et al. Parent-provided photographs as an outcome measure for childhood chalazia. J AAPOS. 2022;26:pre-print. Epub 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.11.012.
  • Arnold RW. Reply. J AAPOS. 2022;26.
  • Arnold RW. The impact of autostereoscopic screens on assessing depth perception. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(12):653.
  • R. W. Arnold, S. Guo, M. B. Strominger and L. B. Nelson. Management of Strabismus Disorders in Patients with Systemic Diseases (Eye to Eye), J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2022 Vol. 59(5): 287-290
  • Siegel LM, Siegel BA, Packwood EA, Robbins SL, Committee AS. The socioeconomic effect of COVID-19 on pediatric ophthalmologists: data from the first 12 months. J AAPOS. Sep 16 2022;26(5):230 e1-6.
  • Arnold RW. The effect of home-based dichoptic therapy on young adults with non-strabismic amblyopia on stereo acuity [letter]. Clinical Optometry. December 14, 2022 2022;14:249-250.
  • Hepler LE, Martin SJ, Fuglseth K, Cuddihee L, Giannulis P, Arnold RW. Acuity comparison methods via times Test-Retest precision of matching-card e-ETDRS compared to PDI Check in treated amblyopes and superb normals. Clin Optometry. May 2, 2023 2023;15:81-95.
  • Arnold RW. Re: Goldstein et al: Visual acuity: assessment of data quality and usability in an electronic health record system (Ophthalmol Sci. 2023;3(1):100215). Ophthalmol Sci. Jun 2023;3(2):100307.
  • Cobb LB, Arnold RW. Ice Slush Oculocardiac Reflex Reduction. Anesth Analg. Jun 1 2023;136(6):e43-e44. Cuddihee LJ, Giannulis P, Merriner S, Runge PE, Pringels V, McGill V, Johnson MA, Cobb LB, Arnold RW. Compared Methods for Reducing Stress in ROP Exams; Stake-Holding Examiner Perspective. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:1953-1965
  • Arnold RW, Strominger MB, Vagge A, Nelson LB. Management of Congenital Esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Sep-Oct 2023;60(5):310-311.
  • Arnold RW. "Surgical and anesthetic influences of the oculocardiac reflex in adults and children during strabismus surgery". Surv Ophthalmol. Jun 13 2023;
  • Arnold RW. Dichoptic Rescue for Spectacle-Flip Sabotage of Anisometropia Amblyopia Therapy. Clinical Optometry 16:83-87, 2024.
  • Kanclerz P, Przewlocka K, Arnold RW. Agreement in non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction between a photoscreener and a calibrated autorefractor. BMC Ophthalmol 2024. Vol. 24(1):130
  • Schaafsma JD, Arnold RW: Pre-cycloplegic exam benefit of photoscreening and accommodation-relaxing skiascopy. Clinical Ophthalmol 2024: 18:833-846
  • Martin SJ, Chiraphatthakun P, Keereemalee AS, Chiraphatthakun W, Arnold RW. Impact of Hearing Loss and Restricted Access to Care on the Karen People Living in a Conflict Setting Near the Thai-Burma Border. Res Rep Trop Med. 2024;15:99-109
  • Arnold RW, Smith KA. Evaluation of 3D tablet-based stereoacuity test ASTEROID in children with normal and abnormal visual acuity. J AAPOS. Nov 23 2024:104058.
  • Arnold RW. Late Recurrence of Anisometropic Amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Jul-Aug 2024;61(4):298. Arnold RW, Herlihy E, Strominger MB, Nelson LB. Fewer Pediatric Ophthalmologists and an Uneven Distribution Affect Access to Pediatric Care. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Sep-Oct 2024;61(5):305-308.
  • Arnold RW. Surgical and anesthetic influences of the oculocardiac reflex in adults and children during strabismus surgery. Surv Ophthalmol. Mar-Apr 2024;69(2):295.
  • Karlberg LA, Sweeney TR, Arnold RW. Validation of the Affordable, Portable International Visionkeys System for Visual Acuity and Stereopsis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2024;18:3667-3677.
  • Arnold R, Silbert D, Modjesky H. Instrument referral criteria for Plusoptix, SPOT and 2WIN targeting 2021 AAPOS guidelines [Corrigendum]. Clin Ophthalmol. April 5, 2025 2025;19:1215-1216.
  • Arnold RW, Deutsch JA, Rogers G, Nelson LB. Recent Onset of Diplopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. May-Jun 2025;62(3):157-159.
  • Arnold RW, Birch E, Bradford G, et al. Defining and measuring population-level amblyopia treatment outcomes: a proposal by the AAPOS Vision Screening and Research Committees. J AAPOS. May 29 2025:104231
  • Jacob J, Arnold RW. The characteristics of racial disparity in retinopathy of prematurity outcomes. J Perinatology. 2025;45:In Press.
  • Schumacher H, Garaygay G, Ayagalria A, Lauano BI, Marshall D, Townley JR, Arnold RW: Comparative validation of Moptim MRT-200 with 2WIN and Retinomax. Clin Ophthalmol. 2025;19:3153-3166.
  • Arnold RW. Estimating the prevalence and severity of isolated small-angle strabismic amblyopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2025;19:3409-3418.
  • Arnold RW, Jacob J, Siegel L, Lee TC, Hutchinson A, Adams C. Safety and Efficiency Reducing Retinopathy of Prematurity Guideline Sensitivity: An External Validation Using a Large US-based Dataset. Am J Ophthalmol 2026;282:266-275
  • Arnold RW, Jacob J. How Race and Birthweight May Influence Gender Differences in Retinopathy of Prematurity 2026: Children. 13:324

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